unit 1,2


📌 1. Challenges of B2C Companies (4–8 marks)

B2C = Business to Customer (Amazon, Flipkart)

Challenges:

  1. High Competition → Price war + low margins

  2. Customer Trust Issues → Fear of fraud, product quality doubt

  3. Logistics & Delivery Cost → Fast delivery = expensive

  4. Handling Returns/Refunds → Reverse logistics costly

  5. Customer Retention → Ads cost high to acquire customers

  6. Website/App Maintenance → Security updates & server costs

  7. Payment Failures & Fraud → Card frauds, chargebacks

📌 2. C2B vs Traditional Model (4–6 marks)

C2B – Consumer to Business Traditional Model (B2C/B2B)
Consumer sells/services to business Business sells goods to consumer
Example: Freelancer designs logo for company Example: Amazon sells products
Price controlled by consumer Price controlled by business
Flexible, online-driven Conventional and less flexible
Suitable for services Suitable for physical goods

Example C2B → Upwork, Fiverr, YouTube monetization

📌 3. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Same as previous format — 4 marks summary

EDI = Standardized computer-to-computer exchange of business documents.

Working:
Create document → Convert to EDI → Transmit → Receiver converts → Auto processing

Benefits: Fast, no manual errors, cost saving.

📌 4. Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)

Used for email security using encryption + digital signature.

Working:

  1. Hash message

  2. Encrypt hash using sender private key → signature

  3. Encrypt message using session key

  4. Encrypt session key using receiver public key

  5. Receiver decrypts using private key + verifies signature

📌 5. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

Used for secure personal email.

Features: Confidentiality, Authentication, Integrity
Uses Web of Trust instead of CA.

Working:
Encrypt with receiver public key → Sign with sender private key → Receiver decrypts & verifies

📌 6. B2B & C2C Models (Short)

B2B – Business to Business

Company sells goods/services to another business.
Examples: Alibaba wholesale, Udaan

Features: Bulk orders, recurring contracts, long-term relations.

C2C – Consumer to Consumer

Customers sell directly to customers online.
Example: OLX, eBay resale products.

Features: Auction-type sales, low entry cost, trust issues.

📌 7. Digital Signature vs Electronic Signature

Digital Signature Electronic Signature
Cryptographic authentication Any electronic mark (name/scan)
Uses Public-Key Infrastructure Simple electronic approval
More secure & legally strong Less secure comparatively
Used in banking, certificates Used in basic approvals

📌 8. E-Business Models based on Transaction Relationship

Model Meaning Example
Brokerage Model Platform connects buyers–sellers; earns commission OLX, Amazon marketplace
Aggregator Model Collects multiple sellers → shows in one place Trivago, Oyo, Zomato
Advertising Model Income comes from ads displayed Google, YouTube
Subscription Model User pays monthly/yearly fee Netflix, Hotstar

📌 9. Electronic Cash Payment

Digital form of currency → Used like cash.
Properties: Anonymous, portable, prevents double spending.

Example → Digital Rupee (CBDC), early e-cash by DigiCash.

📌 10. SSL & TLS Protocols – Secure Online Transactions

SSL (Secure Socket Layer) TLS (Transport Layer Security)
Older protocol Secure updated version of SSL
Protects data in transit Stronger encryption + certificate check
Provides HTTPS Used in all modern e-payments

Use: Secures website transactions, login, cards, passwords.

📌 11. Digital Transactions (Short Note)

Any payment made electronically — no physical cash.
Examples → UPI, online banking, card payments, wallets.

Benefits → Fast, trackable, low risk, 24×7
Risks → Frauds, phishing, server failures

📌 12. Case Study (Short)

B2C Airline Ticket Booking Example

Customer books flight ticket from home:

  1. Visit airline/IRCTC/MakeMyTrip website

  2. Search location → select flight

  3. Enter passenger details

  4. Pay using UPI/card/net-banking

  5. System generates e-ticket instantly

  6. Email/SMS confirmation sent to customer

  7. No agent required → direct B2C model

Benefits: Fast booking, time saving, price comparison, seat selection.

📌 13. Types of Electronic Payment Systems

Payment Type Features Example
Credit Card Pay later, interest applies Visa/MasterCard
Debit Card Linked to bank account RuPay
E-Wallet Store money digitally Paytm, PhonePe
UPI Bank-to-bank instant transfer Google Pay
Net Banking Direct bank login SBI Yono
e-Cash Digital equivalent of notes/coins CBDC Digital Rupee
Smart Card Chip stores balance locally Metro card

📌 14. Symmetric Key Cryptography

Single key used for encryption + decryption.

Advantages:
Fast, efficient for large data, low computation cost.

Disadvantages:
Key sharing risk, not scalable, less secure for communication.

📌 15. Public Key Encryption (Why important in e-commerce?)

Uses two keys: Public + Private
Public = shared with all
Private = kept secret

Why important?
• Secures online transactions
• No key sharing risk
• Used in SSL / email / payment gateways
• Enables digital signatures & certificates


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